3 Main Questions:
- What is genetic engineering?
The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes.
- What is biotechnology?
The manipulation of organisms or their components to produce useful products.
- What is recombinant DNA?
A DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from differents sources.
5 Main Facts:
- Naturally occuring DNA molecules are very long, and a single molecule usually carries many genes.
- Most methods for cloning pieces of DNA in the laboratory share certain general features.
- Gene cloning is useful for two basic purposes: to make many copies of a particular gene and to produce a protein product.
- Gene cloning and genetic engineering rely on the use of enzymes that cut DNA molecules at a limited number of specific locations.
- The most useful restriction enzymes cleave the sugar-phosphate backbones in the two DNA strands in a staggered manner.
Diagram:
Using a restriction enzyme and DNA ligase to make recombinant DNA. The restriction enzyme in this example recognizes a specific six base pair sequence, the restriction site, and makes staggered cuts in the sugar phosphate backbones within this sequence, producing fragments with sticky ends.
Summary:
Researchers had sequenced the entire genome of a free living organism, the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae. This news electrified the scientific community. Ultimately, these achievements can be attributed to advances in DNA technology methods of working with and manipulating DNA that had their roots in the 1970s.
A key accomplishment was the invention of techniques for making recombinant DNA, DNA molecules formed when segments of DNA from two different sources often different species are combined in vitro (in a test tube).
Video:
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