Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

Three Main Questions:
1) What is organic chemistry?
Organic chemistry is the study about carbon compounds.
2) What are isomers?
Isomers are compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structure.
3) How many type isomer are there?
There are three types of isomer: structural isomer, geometric isomer, enantiomer.

Main Five Facts:
- Hydrocarbon is an organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.
- The chemical groups affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions is called the functional groups.
- Structural isomers differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.
- Geometric isomers have the same covalent partnerships but they differ in their spatial arrangements.
- Enantiomers are isomers that are mirror images of each other.

Diagram Structural isomers differ in covalent partners. In the diagram, two isomers C5H12: pentane(left) and 2-methyl butane(right). Even though their structure is a little different but their number of atoms are still the same.

Summary
Chapter 4 covered about organic chemistry or the study of carbon compounds. Most organic compounds contain hydrogen atoms in addition to carbon atoms. However Co2 contains carbon it often considered inorganic because its lacks hydrogen. It is does not matter if we call CO2 organic or inorganic it is still important to the living world as the source of carbon for all organic molecules.
Functional groups is the chemical groups most important is the processes of life. They are hydroxyl, cabonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, and methyl groups. These groups affect molecular function by directly involved in chemical reactions. Amino can acts as a base by pick up H+ from the surrounding solution.

Video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOhEJK4Umds

10 Key Terms:
- Organic chemistry: the study of carbon compounds.
- Hydrocarbons: organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.
- Isomers: compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties.
- Structural isomers: differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.
- Geometric isomers: have the same covalent partnerships, but they differ in their spatial arrangements.
- Enantiomers: isomers that are mirror images of each other.
- Functional group: a specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions.
- Hydroxyl group: a chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom joined to a hydrogen atom.
- Carbonyl group: a chemical group represent in aldehydes and ketones and consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom.
- Carboxyl group: a chemical group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also boned to a hydroxyl group.